People “Did” و مفهوم واژهی کرد
پیوند به مقاله ی اصلی مفهوم واژهی کرد و قوم “Did”
نگارنده با پژوهشهای گسترده روی این موضوع(و متون تاریخی و قول محققان برجسته) بر این باور است که نام کرد تنها و تنها در معنی اصلی آن یک معنی اجتماعی داشته است و برای ایرانیزبانان که یک نوع شیوهی زندگی خاصی داشتند. هرچند چند منبع کهن حتی اقوام غیرایرانی(مانند عرب) را نیز “Did” دانستهاند.
خوانندگان می توانند به ادبیات کلاسیک فارسی نیز رجوع کرد. شاعران و نویسندگان پارسی گوی در قرن های اول اسلام واژهء کُرد را به معنای چوپان و شبان به کار برده اند.
رودکی گوید:
از بخت و کیان خود بگذشتم و پَردَختم / چون کُرد بماندستم تنها من و این باهو (باهو به معنای چوبدستی شبانان).
در اسرار التوحید نیز آمده است: کُرد بود و گوسفند دار. در گویش طبری امروز هنوز واژهء کُرد به همین معنا به کار می رود. عرب های سورستان (عراق و سوریه امروز) He was called.
In the historical period after the Arab invasion of Iran, the word Kurdish was used to mean herdsmen and nomads of the great Iranian plateau, and it never means a specific language, a specific people, or a specific culture.. Even today, the word still means a specific language or a specific group of languages that are not, and in fact is names you. برای نمونه زبانهای سورانی و کرمانجی نه یک گویش از هم بلکه دو زبان متفاوت در حد تفاوت انگلیسی و آلمانی شناخته میشوند.
در این راستا به چند سند محکم نگاه میکنیم.
حمزه اصفهانی مینویسد : « کانت الفرس تسمی الدیلم الاکراد طبرستان کما کانت تسمی العرب اکراد سورستان » (تاریخ سنی ملوک الارض)
یعنی پارسیان (Hub)، دیلمیان (یکی از گروههای مهم ایرانیزبان) را کردهای طبرستان میدانستند – چنانکه اعراب را کردهای سورستان.
در لغتنامه دهخدا نیز آمده است:
Generally speaking, this clan is absolutely applied to the tent dwellers. Bedouin . According to Hamze Esfahani, ancient Iranians (فرس ) Dilmians were called Akrads of Tabaristan and Arabs were called Kurds of Surestan. (Certain Persian culture):
I went and sewed from my clothes
Because I was left alone with this bahu.
Rodki .
I see you all like you are at home
Always dressed in Shiraz and Rokhbin .
عماره .
He made a tribe in the desert
He made cola from everyone's hair.
rainy (From the margins of Asadi Nakhjavani culture)
Cho Silab fell asleep and took both of them
چه بر تخت سلطان چه بر دشت کرد.
Saadi .
Bukhara is better than Loker, God, you know
But he did not break from this desert buttermilk .
Ghazali Lokri .
پروفسور مینورسکی مینویسد:
V. Minorsky, Encyclopedia of Islam: “We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes., “Kurds” in Encyclopaedia of Islam”. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. of Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. accessed 2007.
Translate:
در زمان اعراب، لغت قومی کرد برای تیرههای قبایل گوناگون ایرانیتبار و ایرانیشده بکار میرفت.
دکتر پرویز خانلری مینویسد:
Adh you name refers to the people who live in mountainous terrain in the west of the Iranian plateau.. Part of this area is now part of the country and partly in Turkey and other parts of Iraq is considered. Outside this region, there are also the minority group in northern Khorasan and groups, including the republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, and some - slight dialect spoken in Turkmenistan. در سوریه نیز یک اقلیت کرد زبان از چند قرن پیش به وجود آمده است.
زبان یا گویش کردی همهی این نواحی یکسان نیست. It is doubtful that even the word "that" the same people who have the coordinates of a certain ethnic or tribal dialect can be defined as. در بسیاری از منابع تاریخی که به زبان عربی در قرنهای نخستین اسلام تألیف یافته ، این کلمه را معادل کلمه « شبان » و « چوپان » بکار بردهاند.
ابن حوقل کوچ (قفص) کرمان را « صنف من الاکراد » میداند و حال آنکه مقدسی (احسن التقاسیم) زبان ایشان را شبیه زبان مردم سند شمرده است.
یاقوت حموی مردمان ساسون را « الاکراد السناسنه » میخواند (معجم البلدان)
حمزه اصفهانی مینویسد : « کانت الفرس تسمی الدیلم الاکراد طبرستان کما کانت تسمی العرب اکراد سورستان » (تاریخ سنی ملوک الارض)
در کارنامهی اردشیر بابکان (پاپکان) هم کردان به معنی شبانان آمده است ، نه نام و نژاد یا قبیله. در گویش طبری امروز نیز کلمهی کرد به معنی چوپان و شبان است. (واژه نامه طبری، صادق کیا، ص ۱۶۶)
زبانها و گویشهای ایران. منبع: کتاب تاریخ زبان فارسی نویسنده: دکتر پرویز ناتل خانلری
محققان امروزی غربی نیز این نظر را دارند.
دکتر مارتین وان بروینسن، پژوهشگر آلمانی و کردشناس معروف مینویسد:
Martin van Bruinessen, “The ethnic identity of the Kurds”, in: Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews with Rüdiger Benninghaus [=Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr.60].
Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwich Reichert, 1989, pp. 613-21. excerpt: “The ethnic label “Kurd” is first encountered in Arabic sources from the first centuries of the Islamic era; it seemed to refer to a specific variety of pastoral nomadism, and possibly to a set of political units, rather than to a linguistic group: once or twice, “Arabic Kurds” are mentioned. By the 10th century, the term appears to denote nomadic and/or transhumant groups speaking an Iranian language and mainly inhabiting the mountainous areas to the South of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, with some offshoots in the Caucasus…If there was a Kurdish speaking subjected peasantry at that time, the term was not yet used to include them.”
Translate:
نام قومی “Did” که در منابع قرن اول اسلام دیده میشود بر یک پدیده رمهگرایی و شاید واحدهای سیاسی نامیده میشد و نه یک گروه زبانی. چندین بار حتی “کردهای عرب” These resources were. But at the end of the tenth century, the name for numerous groups and migrant Rmhgran Ayranyzban used to the Van Lake to Lake and parts of the Caucasus lived.. اگر در آن زمان روستانشینی بودند که به زبانهای کردی امروز تکلم میکردند، هنوز نام “Did” در آن زمان شامل آنها نمیشد.
پروفسور ولادمیر ایوانف نیز میگوید:
Wladimir Iwanov:”The term Kurd in the middle ages was applied to all nomads of Iranian origin”.(Wladimir Ivanon, “The Gabrdi dialect spoken by the Zoroastrians of Persia”, Published by G. Bardim 1940. pg 42(
Translate: نام کرد در قرنهای میانه (کم و بیش از قرن پنجم میلادی تا شانزدهم میلادی) نامی بود که بر همهی رمهگران و کوچگران ایرانی نامگزاری میشد.
پروفسور دایوید مکنزی که تز خود را روی زبانهای کردی نوشته است میگیود:
David Mackenzie: “If we take a leap forward to the Arab conquest we find that the name Kurd has taken a new meaning becoming practically synonmous with ‘nomad’, if nothing more pejorative” D.N. Mackenzie, “The Origin of Kurdish”, Transactions of Philological Society, 1961, pp 68-86
Translate: اگر به حدود دوران گسترش امپراتوری اعراب نگاه کنیم، خواهیم یافت که عنوان کرد با رمهگر و کوچگر دارای یک معنی است.
پروفسور ریچارد فرای، ایرانشناس نامی:
Richard Frye,”The Golden age of Persia”, Phoneix Press, 1975. Second Impression December 2003. pp 111: “Tribes always have been a feature of Persian history, but the sources are extremly scant in reference to them since they did not ‘make’ history. The general designation ‘Kurd’ is found in many Arabic sources, as well as in Pahlavi book on the deeds of Ardashir the first Sassanian ruler, for all nomads no matter whether they were linguistically connected to the Kurds of today or not.
The population of Luristan, for example, was considered to be Kurdish, as were tribes in Kuhistan and Baluchis in Kirman”
Translate:
قبایل همیشه بخشی از تاریخ ایران بودند هرچند منابع در مورد آنها کم است زیرا آنها خود تاریخساز نبودند. عنوان فراگیر و عامیانه “Did” که در بسیاری از کتابهای عربی و حتی پهلوی (کارنامک اردشیر پاپکان) دیده میشود نامی بود که فراگیرندهی همهی کوچگران و چادرنشنیان میبود حتی اگر با مردمانی که امروز نام “Did” دارند از پیوند زبانی نبودند. برای نمونه، برخی از منابع مردمان لرستان را کرد نامیدند و همچنین قبایل کوهستان و حتی بلوچان کرمان.
بنابراین واژهی “Did” در متون پارسی تنها به معنی چادرنشینان و رمهگران بوده است و زبان یا قوم خاصی را منظور نبوده است. بلکه یک نوع شیوهی زندگی بوده است.
برای همین در کارنامک اردشیر پاپکان (که شاهنامه نیز از آن استفاده کرده است)، دکتر آساطوریان میگوید:
The earliest occurrence of this term in written sources is attested in
the form of kurt (kwrt-) in the Middle Persian treatise (Karnamak Artax-shir Pabakan), compiled presumably in the second half of the 6th century A.D. It occurs four times in the text (Kn. I, 6; VIII, 1; IX 1, 2) in plural form, kurtan, twice in conjunction with shah “chieftain, ruler” (kurtan
shah), once with shupanan “shepherds” (kurtan shupanan), and only once in a bare form, without a supplement. It is clear that kurt in all the contexts has a distinct social sense, “nomad, tent-dweller”. It could equally be an attribute for any Iranian ethnic group having similar characteristics. To look for a particular ethnic sense here would be a futile exercise.
برای شرح کامل در این موضوع مقاله زیر معرفی میشود:
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/Pasokhbehanirani/prolegomena-to-study-kurds.pdf
G. Asatrian, Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol.13, pp.1-58, 2009
The article above is shown that material available today that you are known languages and more languages differ materially are close to Tati Azerbaijan and languages of Central.
بنابراین از لحاظ تاریخی نمیتوان کرد را بجز ایرانیزبان معرفی کرد. امروز هم زبانهایی مانند کلهری/زازایی/هورامی با سایر زبانهای ایرانی مانند (لری و دری و گیلکی) بیشتر قرابت دارند تا با سورانی/کرمانجی. تفاوت سورانی و کرمانجی نیز همانقدر است که تفاوت گیلکی و کلهری. So we thought that people who are known to have meaning and therefore means Ayranyzbanan only are Iranian branch of the Iranian people..
So, what is known today as the only means Ayranyzbanan and Persian is correct and create a gap between the people and Ayranyzban is only beneficial to those who want to destroy the great civilizations of the Iranian branch. همچنین با تعریف نادرست و شاخهشاخه کردن قوم ایرانی به چند گروه متخاصم تنها و تنها گروههای اعراب و ترکان منطقه از آن بهره میبرند.
In Ardeshir Popkan's letter, (چوپانان کورد ) Does this mean that Kurd means shepherd?
Do you call this scientific analysis? If science in Iran is that Jaden is a place of shame. What a stupid conclusion!
So if we say Iranians are bearded, that means all Iranians are bearded, or if we say Italians are mechanics, then all Italians are mechanics. ( الزامن). The text of Ardeshir Popkan's letter is clearly understandable, and it never means that Kurd means shepherd, even if it means shepherd, it does not change anything..
Austrian researcher and orientalist Ferdinand Hanerbischler searches for the root of the word Kurd in the culture of the Middle East and goes back to Sumer..
From Sumerian, this word has entered other ancient languages of the Middle East as well, with more or less the same original meaning ( mountain dwellers) which means the inhabitants of certain mountains ( Zagris and Taurus ) بوده. That is, it was referred to the tribes living there.
But if even you men and women are fascist and fascist, Kurd (چوپان)Meaning, nothing will change, after all, the name of every nation comes from a place, and has a root. which should not necessarily be the same with today's practical meaning.
Otherwise, Georgian in Greek means farmer, does this mean that Georgians are not a nation, because their name means farmer? Deutsch ( آلمانی ) that is “مردم”. منظور مردم عادی ( Other than the nobles ) So German is not a nation today, because its name means social class?
France comes from the Franks, who were of German descent, so they don't have an identity beyond themselves, because their name is German? Icelanders are not a nation because their name means ( ice ) gives?
In addition, you said that the difference between Kalhori and Surani is like Gilki and Surani, which you cleverly did not mention a source.. It is interesting that there are so many historians and linguists in Iran. باژم مملکت در فقر فرهنگی است ( Better showmanship is a sign of cultural poverty). Listen to this, it's deaf, it's deaf, it's nothing else and it doesn't want to be, you won't achieve anything with these sophistry games like childish science, except to annoy others..
Hello dear friend
نویسنده ی این مطلب خود کرد است و علاوه بر زبانهای اروپایی به زبانهای کردی هم تسلط دارد علاوه بر این در این پایگاه هیچگاه کسی قصد توهین به اقوام ایرانی از جمله کردها را ندارد و هر آنچه هم که در مقاله ی ایشان آمده با ذکر مرجع بوده شما منطقا می توانید به گفته ی مینورسکی, Fry or Mackenzie object that all three of their opinions on this matter are preferable to your claim.
There is an article about the Sumerian language and its relationship with other languages in this database
azargoshnasp.net/Pasokhbehanirani/qowmehirani.htm
And briefly Sumerian kinship with any language that does not know today. Old terms, than the Sumerians to the Medes and Persians during the Median Empire, far more than the history of the peoples of our. یعنی سومریها مردمان باستانی دنیای باستان بودند بسیار باستانی تر از پارسها و مادهای قدیم و هیچ دلیل منطقی وجود ندارد قوم ایرانی تباری که چند هزار سال بعد «کرد» خوانده شده نام خودش را بر طبق گفته ی شما از سومریها گرفته باشد مگر به دلیل سیاسی و تحریف تاریخ و هویت قومی این به همان اندازه ی مهملات پان ترکیستها جعلی است و دانستنش هم دشوار نیست.
However, this database does not ethnicism Published Articles Published our content! We released earlier comments were not part of the normal routine and separatists site so comments to approve the IP are not registered and so are you duplicate offensive explanations have already that of the do not register . شما اگر مخالفتی به این نوشته دارید می توانید در بلاگ یا وبسایت خودتان و نه با این شیوه بلکه با ذکر مرجع ادعایتان و در پاسخ به مقاله و در بی اعتباری مراجع ما بنویسید و لینک مطلبتان را برای ما بفرستید. در این زمینه پان عربیستها و پان ترکیستها هم خوشحال می شوند برای انتشار مطالبتان یاری کنند علی رغم اینکه این گروهها از هیچگونه توهین و تحقیر به ایرانیان و از جمله کردها باز نمی ایستند اما برای تجزیه ایران و تجریف تاریخ از همنشینی با شما هم ابایی ندارند این را البته آن کردهایی که با پان ترکیستها در کنفرانس ملل تصویر یادگاری برمی دارند بهتر می دانند!
Deleting comments means confirming the claim that you are all dictators and fascists.
The ultimate etymology of the name is unclear.[16] Reynolds believes that the term Kurd is most likely related to the ancient term Qardu. The common root of Kurd and Qardu is first mentioned in a Sumerian tablet from the third millennium B.C. as the “land of Kar-da.” Qardu is etymologically related to the Assyrian term Urartu corresponding to Ararat.[17] According to Asatrian, the most reasonable explanation of this ethnonym is its possible connections with the Cyrtii (Courtesy)[18]
Who said that Sumerian is related to a language? It was said, the word “کورد” According to the Austrian orientalist Henner Bichler, he goes back to Sumerian, you mean “crooked”Do you understand, or are you so confused? Where is the author, it does not change the text, there are idiots in all the nations of the world.
You, who claim to be literate, should know that the content and name are related “one by one” And they do not depend continuously. “گرجی” i.e. farmer “Germany” (آلمانی) that is “the subjects” ( برخلاف طبقه ء اشراف )Does this mean that Georgians are not a nation or a nation, but a social class of farmers? Or are Germans not a nation, but a social class?
The expressions of this page are obvious “an insult” Denying it also goes back to the culture of denial, of which people like you are a prominent example. Do you give an example of McKenzie, who was an officer of the British colonial army in the middle of the river and is affected by his participation in the massacre of people in his memories? ( That is, he admits it ). You also half quoted Minorski, half the truth is a lie.
In addition, if you are very interested in the etymology of the names of nations and nations, do not forget that Fars ( Pars ) that is “job”، “hug”.
So Fars has no identity because the meaning of its name is not even a sign of consensus class, but a physical direction?
Every school child knows that the Sumerians were more ancient and had disappeared for a long time when the Medes and Persians appeared.. Hanerbischler in his book “the cordon”(Kurds)You give a complete list of occurrences of this word from the Sumerian era to today. In Mesopotamia, this word was common before the appearance of the Iranians and was referred to the Hurrians of northern Mesopotamia. “چوپان” was not.
This word has been used continuously, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, Urartu, and lastly the Aryan-speaking Mitanni say this word to the inhabitants of the same region. He mentions it.
اينکه مهم ترين منبعی که اين واژه را به “چوپان” مربوط ميکند ،کارنامه اردشير بابکان است که آنهم تفسيرش خنده دارترين ،غير علمی ترين و مسخره ترين تفسير است:
“شاه..به چوپانان کورد پناه ميبرد” This is the last sentence of a paragraph. And your Excellency and people like you, who have made ignorance their hobby, have concluded from this sentence that Kurd means shepherd.. On what logic is this based, Allah knows.
That is, if he said that they went to Iranian painters, then the word "Iran" means painter. Do you call this science?
see dear sir
The name of a nation or tribe is an issue, its historical roots and identity is another issue. But it is clear from your page, which is full of chauvinism, denial, and lies, and is based not on science, but on politics. “The science of” You only use it to achieve your political goals, that is, you abuse it. from this “The science of” We have seen a lot in history.
The same murderous McKenzie that you cited, denying the connection between the ancient Karda and the Kurds ( From the point of view of etymology ) No, now if you call it Pan-Turkist garbage, it depends on your own garbage.
Even in the Dari Persian language, there are Sumerian words that entered Iran through Elam, so the continuous and uninterrupted use of the word Kurd in the middle of the river was not only impossible, but also a different truth. “the fact?” I bring you is.
What is certain is that your efforts are against the disintegration of Iran, which under fair conditions, I am also with you. But this has nothing to do with the roots of words. Whether you like it or not, there are still words in the plateau of Iran that go back to the days before the Iranians. “click” It means boat, it has Sumerian roots, the name Gilan, goes back to the era before Aryan languages. And thousands of other examples..
For the unity and solidarity of Iran, is there a need for the root of our names to be the same? That is, if not, the unity and integrity of Iran will be called into question? If so, it is very unfortunate.
It is not my problem that Pan-Arabs or Pan-Turks are happy. All people in the world have the right to be happy or not. This does not change the need to tell the truth. In addition, I am personally against the idea “Paan” I am, whether it is Arabic, Turkish or Iranian!
to alibaba
In addition to being uneducated, you are also very rude. This is the last comment I allowed to be published from you
I never said that because the author is Kurdish, the writing is authentic and correct. You're quoting something from me that isn't mine and then arguing that what I said is false based on something I didn't say.! آنچه من نوشتم این بود که نویسنده خود کرد است و هدف از این نوشته توهین به کردها و هیچکدام از اقوام ایرانی نبوده آنطور که شما پیشتر مدعی شدید! Again, I did not say that because the word Kurdish means shepherd, then the Kurds are not a nation. The Kurds are not a nation because they are part of a nation called Iran.
آنچه که من گفتم و بار دیگر هم تکرار می کنم، ریشه ی سومری ساختن برای واژه ی کرد و مردمی که خود ریشه ی ایرانی دارند احتمالا با اهداف و اغراض سیاسی انجام می شود باز هم نوشته ی من بدین معنا نیست ،مردمی که ریشه ی هند و ایرانی دارند نمی توانند لغتی را از زبان سومری بگیرند اما استدلال شما در سومری بودن واژه ی “Did” Basically not properly base
David Mackenzie's about to go astray. The Mackenzie killer, officer, Great Britain, or the good guys or bad! It doesn't matter to me. Mackenzie was one of the most well-known linguists and specialists in Iranian languages, and Ali Al-Qaeda can be cited in this regard.
iranica.com/articles/mackenzie-david-neil-1
The same is true about Fry
A former high school teacher quoted in the story that you did not have the academic and scientific value and can not be taken seriously. حتی با در نظر گرفتن اینکه یک شخص یک کتاب درباره ی کردها منتشر کرده باشد یا اتریشی باشد و دکترا هم داشته باشد لزوما در یک زمینه متخصص نیست شما می خواهید شخصی را که در حد معلمی کالج نیست را یک عنوان شرقشناس بدهید و بگذارید کنار یک متخصص طراز اول و بعد استدلال کنید که این نوشته ها فاشیستی است.
fhe.cc/html/cv_uk.pdf
Regarding the distortion of the Minorski text, I also wrote in the previous comment that if we distorted something and you about the Sumerian root of the word “Did” Documents, you can publish a blog or other site, just send Lynksh here and I'm kind of let down, it will display your link, though I do not have such a duty. Who writes a story about the origin of the word or inaccuracies and distortion of our resources and do not blink or you quote me how this site is how fascist!