Traded words Turkish and Persian languages.

Address the original article here

در پیرامون Traded words Turkish and Persian languages. There may be some good articles:

http://www.azargoshnasp.com/languages/Persian/persianmain.htm

In particular, to:

AA coquetry:

The interaction with the Persian language and literature, Turkish language and literature And

Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish Andreas Tietze- East, 20 (1967) pp- 125-168

Persische Ableitungsuffixe im Azerosmanischen Andreas Tietze

Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes (59/60) pp- 154-200, 1963/1964

همچنین مقاله فشرده ولی سودمند در رابطه با نفوذ زبانهای ایرانی بر زبان ترکی آذربایجان در اینجا درج میشود:

ix. Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish

Azeri is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Iranian has exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax and vocabulary, less in morphology. Much of the Iranian interference is also present, albeit less strongly in other Turkic languages, e.g., Ottoman Turkish, but many features are specific to Azeri. The strong Iranian influence upon Oghuz Turkic began already in Central Asia. Since Persian Azerbaijan had been Iranian-speaking long before the Turkic immigration, there has been a thorough sub- and adstrative Iranian impact upon dialects of the area: some of them, such as Aynallū and Qašqāʾī (though these are sometimes classified as non-Azeri idioms), are particularly strongly Iranized. Furthermore, Persian as the culturally dominant language played a superstrative—or “roofing”—role which is obvious still today in southern Azerbaijan with its lack of linguistic standardization and long-standing general bilingualism.

Though generally recognized the Iranian influence on Azeri has not yet been investigated. For proper research in this field more information is required not only about different variants of Azeri but also about the local Iranian dialects of the contact regions, such as Tati and Ṭāleši.

Phonology. There is considerable interference at the phonological level. For example, all Azeri dialects spoken in Iran display phonotactic perturbations, partly due to Iranian influence. Especially affected is the Turkic sound harmony, although less than in Uzbek. We find, e.g., non-harmonic, i.e., invariable suffixes like –max (infinitive suffix): bil-max “to know,” etc. This and other similar phenomena are usually explained as results of Iranization, i.e., a breakdown of vowel harmony and a tendency to neutralize vowels and pronounce them centrally. However, not all deviations from the vowel harmony rules of Standard Turkish can be attributed to external factors.

Another exception to a common Turkic phonotactic tendency, heard mainly in educated speech, is the simplification of consonant clusters. Thus, [fikr] “thought” is heard instead of the integrated form [fikir], etc.

In phonetics there are several examples of presumably Iranian influence:

Vocalism. A tendency (also known in “Iranized” Turkic dialects of Central Asia) towards a fronted pronunciation of vowels, e.g., the shift of a > ä (K. Foy, 1903, p. 185). Accordingly, the short a in Arabic and Persian loanwords is rendered as a front vowel more often than in Turkish even in the neighborhood of emphatic and dorso-velar consonants, e.g., bäxt “happiness” (Turkish baht). The tendency may be valid also for the unrounded high vowels. Even if, as in Uzbek, New Uigur, etc., the phonetic distance between the front i and the back ï has been diminished, the phonological opposition is still maintained. (Gagauz and Karaim similarly have a fronted pronunciation of Common Turkic ï under Slavic influence.) In several Azeri dialects, ï is pronounced with the tongue slightly more advanced than in Turkish. However, this phenomenon is difficult to diagnose in terms of interference, since it is observed also in Kipchak languages (Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Tatar). There are also reasons to suppose the existence of a neutral schwa in some Azeri dialects; M. V. Monteil mentions a sound "about theand Persian closed,” e.g., mäne “me,” ade “his name” (instead of mäni, adï; cf. L. Johanson, 1978-79).

The tendency towards front pronunciation is also manifest in the shift of Yi– > i– in words like ilan “snake” (Turkish yïlan). The southern dialects show strongly palatalized forms of k, g and l, e.g., [ćöć] for Common Turkic kök “root.” Thus, in spite of “disturbances” of the vowel system, the basic syllabic palatal correlation is maintained also in Azeri dialects.

The relatively open pronunciation of ä approaches that of Persian a. According to L. Ligeti’s observations, “cette voyelle azéri cherche toujours à se conformer, du moins en Perse et en Afghanistan, à la prononciation de l’a persan (ou tadjik) local” (1957, p. 114). In some Azeri dialects, as in Uzbek, the long a: is more or less rounded, e.g., [yå:d] “memory.” Typically Turkic vowels alien to Persian are sometimes replaced by more familiar sounds, i.e., ö > o, ü > u (M. Širäliyev, 1968, pp. 43f.), in non-initial syllables ï > u, etc. It is still an open question whether in some dialects remnants of Turkic vowel quantity oppositions have been preserved under the influence of the Persian long vowels. Whereas Turkish shows an aversion against Persian ow (< aw), this diphthong occurs frequently in Azeri (as well as Turkmen) dialects. Parallel to the Persian development ow < aw, even in native Turkic words low vowels are labialized in front of a labial element: aw > ow (often > o:), e.g., dowšan or do:šan “rabbit” (<*taβïšγa:n, cf. Turkish tavšan).

Consonantism. An Iranian feature in the consonantism is the palatalization of certain consonants (notably to, g, the) mentioned above. As in Turkman and many Anatolian dialects, there is a regular substitution of the un-Persian fortis q: initially by voicing, e.g., gal– “to remain,” guš “bird,” non-initially usually by spirantization, e.g., yaxïn “near,” YATAX “bed.” (In Standard Azeri the latter change is restricted to the first syllable boundary.) Azeri, as Persian, but contrary to modern Turkish, has both [x] and [h]. There is no resistance to with (with substitution by g, as in some other Turkic languages). Initial fricative c-, which does not occur in Turkish, is accepted to some extent, essentially in educated speech: γeyrät “zeal” (cf. Turkish gayrät), etc. The un-Turkic sound f is not only accepted in loanwords (häftä “week” against Kazakh Fit), but also replaces native p in some dialects: e.g., if “thread.” (This phonetical development is also met with in Turkmen and Uzbek dialects.)

Suprasegmental features. In some dialects a special intonation pattern at the end of yes/no-questions, possibly due to Iranian influence, replaces the interrogative particle mI.

Morphology. Iranian derivational suffixes found in Azeri are –base, –and, –but, –i, –what, –keš, –pärast, –state, and –pussy, etc. Iranian prefixes such as to– ~ be– and on still play a role in word-formation. (All these elements were frequent in Ottoman Turkish but have now been largely abandoned.) The copula of the first person singular –(and)Am is usually explained as influenced by the corresponding Persian personal ending –am. Electives like al-a-m “I (may) take” resemble in their structure the Persian subjunctive (present stem + personal endings, e.g. bar-am “I take”). The Persian perfect of the type āmada (ast) “he has come” (past participle [+ copula]) may have corroborated the use of –(The)b(hard) as the usual perfect form among the Turks of Iran. (For the various perfect forms, see M. Širäliyev, 1967, pp. 213-20.) Sonqori, Aynallū and Qašqāʾī (possibly not classifiable as Azeri dialects) use Persian –takes as a comparative suffix, e.g., Aynallū yektär “better.” Iranian may also have influenced the aspect and temporal values, notably of the perfect forms, which function very much like the Persian perfect tense, e.g., wrote “I have written.” gälibsän “you have arrived.” (For Azeri and Turkish –mouse, see L. Johanson, Aspect Turkish, Mainz, 1971, pp. 289f.).

Syntax. The impact of Iranian on Azeri syntax is particularly clear in the structure of complex sentences, especially in the sociolects of the educated. (Note that most of the features concerned occurred more frequently in Ottoman but have been given up in modern Standard Turkish; some subsist as substandard varieties.) There is a sort of replica syntax: Imitations of Indo-European language-type subordinative constructions are used instead of Turkic, left-branching, constructions, in which the subordinated elements are more or less expanded sentence constituents, morphologically based on verbal nouns, participles, and gerunds, cf. Bilirsänmi male kimäm? “Do you know who I am?” (instead of Manim needle olduγumu bilirsanmi?); HEC needle dinmirdi, that for him, There was patron of this Isdaan xäbär (Mirza Ibragimov) “No one said anything, because everyone knew about this affair” (instead of Isdaan patrons who would subside xäbä is olduγ the end of the HEC). As in Ottoman and Chaghatay, Persian subordinative conjunctions, alien to Turkic sentence structure, are widely used, particularly that, which appears as a connective device between sentences of different kinds, e.g., Görmüšäm that, They were xosbaxt “I have seen that they have become happy” (instead of Onlarïn xošbäxt olduglarïnï görmüšäm); Bir ata ki, bu išlär ilä mäšγul olan, onun oγlu da išgüzar olar “Also the son of a father who occupies himself with these things becomes skilful” (instead of Bu išlär ilä mäšγul olan atanïn oγlu da išgüzar olar); Sizin väzifäniz budur ki, tä’lim veräsiz “It is your duty to teach” (instead of Sizin väzifeniz, tä’lim vermäkdir); Män istärdim ki, sän gälsän “I would like you to come” (instead of Sänin gälmäyini istärdim); Atasï ona pul verir ki, o gedä bilsin “His father gives him money in order that he may be able to go” (instead of O, gedä bilsin deyä, atasï ona pul verir); Kitabï ačïrdïm ki, gapï döyüldü “I was just opening the book as there was a knock at the door” (instead of Kitabï ačdïgda gapï döyüldü). Like the Iranian subjunctive the optative is often used as a sort of subordinative mood.

Several conjunctions (and/or connective adverbs) of Persian origin are used even in Standard Azeri, e.g., ägär “if,” čünki “for,” gah . . . gah “now . . . now,” häm “also,” hämčinin “also,” häṛčänd “although,” härgah “if,” nä . . . nä “neither . . . nor,” näinki “not only,” yainki “or,” yaxud “or,” zira “for.” However, both these and conjunctions of Arabic origin occur frequently only in educated speech. Other frequent adverbs, modal words, and particles are bäli “yes,” bälkä “perhaps,” bäs “well,” “yes,” hämišä “always,” mägär “really,” etc.

Lexicon. The Iranian elements in Azeri are especially numerous at the lexical level. Azeri possesses a large number of Iranian loanwords missing or rarely used in Turkish (asan “easy,” bar “fruit,” javan “young,” čäp “crooked,” girdä “round,” huš “consciousness,” what “deaf,” köhnä “old,” küčä “street,” mis “copper,” payïz “autumn, fall,” šänbä “Saturday,” turš “sour,” etc.); idioms, e.g., xahiš ediräm “please,” güzäšt elä “excuse me,” xudahafiz “good-bye”; numerous calques in phraseology (xoš gäl– “to please,” coined on Persian xoš āmadan, etc.); morphological contaminations as tanïš ol– “to know” = tanï-, cf. Persian dāneš “knowledge.” Some indefinite pronouns are of Persian origin, e.g., hämin “the same.” här “every,” här käs “everyone,” heč “any.” It must be left to further research to sort out the different layers of elements borrowed in the course of the long Irano-Turkic symbiosis. There may be some phonetic criteria, e.g., the majhūl vowel in forms like dost “friend” (Modern Persian dūst < dōst) points to an early date of borrowing, whereas ruzi “daily bread” (cf. Persian rūzī < rōzī) is a relatively late loanword.

The quantity of Iranian lexical elements differs significantly in the various forms of Azeri. Persian is more dominant in written than in spoken Azeri; the dominance is also more evident in the language of the educated. As for the innovatory vocabulary, northern Azeri often prefers Russian loanwords (e.g., vaγzal “railway station”), where southern Azeri chooses Persian ones or accepts European words through the intermediary of Persian or Turkish (e.g., istgah, gar, istasyon). Since, for several decades, there has been little, if any, cultural exchange between the two parts of Azerbaijan, the mutual intelligibility is decreasing. Whereas in Soviet Azerbaijan, the purist efforts have yielded considerable results, the Azerbaijani language of Iran, through school education and the growing influence of Persian mass media, remains very dependent upon Persian.

Bibliography : As G. Doerfer remarks in “Irano-Altaistica: Turkish and Mongolian Languages of Persia and Afghanistan” (in Th. A. Sebeok, ed., Current Trends in Linguistics VI, The Hague, 1970, pp. 217-34), there are “only sporadic remarks about the influence of Iranian on the Irano-Altaic languages.” (For details, see the bibliography added to Doerfer’s article.) A basic work on Azeri of Persian Azerbaijan is K. Foy: “Azerbajğanische Studien mit einer Charakteristik des Südtürkischen,” Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, Westasiatische Studien 6, 1903, pp. 126-94; 7, 1904, pp. 197-265. Important remarks are found in T. Kowalski, Sir Aurel Stein’s Sprachaufzeichnungen im Äinallu-Dialekt aus Südpersien, Kraków, 1939; L. Ligeti, “Sur la langue des Afchars d’Afghanistan,” Acta Orientalia Hungarica 7, 1957, pp. 110-56; V. Monteil, “Sur le dialecte turc de l’Azerbâydjân iranien,” JA 244, 1956, pp. 1-77. General problems of Iranian influence are treated in K. H. Menges, “Indo-European Influences on Ural-Altaic Languages,” Word 1, 1933, pp. 188-93. See also L. Johanson: “Die westoghusische Labialharmonie,” Orientalia Suecana 27-28, 1978-79, pp. 63-107 and “Reproduktion, Widerstand und Anpassung: Zur lautlichen Iranisierung im Türkischen,” in R. Schmitt and P. O. Skjærvø, eds., Studia Grammatica Iranica. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach, Munich, 1986, pp. 185-201. Y. Z. Širvani, Äräb vä fars sözläri lüγäti, Baku, 1967. A standard work on Azerbaijani dialectology is M. Širäliyev, Azärbayjan dialektologiyasïnïn äsaslarï, Baku, 1967. See also G. Windfuhr, Persian Grammar, The Hague, Paris, and New York, 1979, pp. 188-89.

(L. Johanson)

And many articles have been written in this direction. In general, it can be said that the Turkish language has not left much impact on the Persian language. According to Professor Xavier Planhol, quoting from Gerhad Dorfer's book:

Xavier Planhol, “Land of Iran”, Encyclopedia Iranica. “The Turks, on the other hand, posed a formidable threat: their penetration into Iranian lands was considerable, to such an extent that vast regions adapted their language. This process was all the more remarkable since, in spite of their almost uninterrupted political domination for nearly 1,000 years, the cultural influence of these rough nomads on Iran’s refined civilization remained extremely tenuous. This is demonstrated by the mediocre linguistic contribution, for which exhaustive statistical studies have been made (villages). The number of Turkish or Mongol words that entered Persian, though not negligible, remained limited to 2,135, i.e., 3 percent of the vocabulary at the most. These new words are confined on the one hand to the military and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) and, on the other hand, to technical pastoral terms. The contrast with Arab influence is striking. While cultural pressure of the Arabs on Iran had been intense, they in no way infringed upon the entire Iranian territory, whereas with the Turks, whose contributions to Iranian civilization were modest, vast regions of Iranian lands were assimilated, notwithstanding the fact that resistance by the latter was ultimately victorious. Several reasons may be offered.”

Twenty thousand words in Persian, Turkish pan-Turkish claim that there is no scientist, but such talk has not. Among the Turkish words counted by Gerhad Durfar, most of them are not used in the modern Persian language, and most of them are military titles, war, weapons, nomadic equipment, and people's names..

For example, Urdubig(The commander of the army)Bashlamishi(command)Brgo(Trumpet)Topoz (mace)wheel (War strategist), Saqnaq(shelter), Subashi, Siversat, Karavel, Qalich (sword)Qorchi (armed), Kotwal(Dara Castle), Yughlak(Looting and extortion), Ilghar(Looting and extortion), armor(Provisions of war).

More or less, it can be said that the vocabulary of Turkic languages(What is the Turkish language of Azerbaijan and what is the Turkish language of Türkiye) They were mostly used in Nizam, Diwan and Lashkar at one time and today they are abandoned. However, in such areas as religion and Persian words in Turkish literature and culture, art, mysticism and entered common usage is still.

In Turkish, twenty suffixes have been taken from Persian, while Persian has taken one from this language “what” (However, there is a theory that has been the extension of the Turkish-Iranian languages ​​and yet profound effects on Sogdian and Scythian languages ​​and their name is not Tvrkyk “Torque” According to recent hypotheses, it is a Scythian word(Iranian) Is).

But Turkish-Azerbaijani(and Ottoman) More than twenty extensions (with which Turkish words are also made) It is taken from Persian.

Persische Ableitungsuffixe im Azerosmanischen Andreas Tietze

Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes (59/60) pp- 154-200, 1963/1964

For example, suffixes that Azerbaijani Turkish took from Persian:
یک)
Settled
Sabirabad, Kiroabad, Mahmoodabad, Jalaqabad..
دو)
Of
Chapki, Polki, Damdamki, Janki,
سه)
that it
Fair, friendly, poetic
four)
باز
veteran, gambler, trickster, athlete, acquaintance, friend, drinker, chatter, listener, joker, materialist, joker ..
five)
What
Baghcha, Kalcha, Sarcha, Takcha, Dushakcha, Gazancha, Gloncha,
six)
Dan
Chandan, Chajdan, Guldan, Nodan, Jagdan, Souddan,
Seven)
Dar
Maldar, Dalandar, Accountant, Abriqdar, Mahsuldar, Amekdar, Odar,
eight)

sometimes
device, place of worship, camp,
نه)
Kar, Gar
Craftsman, servant, worker, sacrificer, sinner
is)
stuck
Jahangir, tax collector, skimmer, pickpocket,
eleven)
transition
Worker, lover
twelve)
Home
Jailhouse, drug house, tired house, printing house, guest house, coffee house, profit house, application house
thirteen)
Y
Blue, brown, date, azure, orange, cinnamon, carpichi, yeast, shebelidi,
fourteen)
State
Arabia, Armenia, Chelestan, Dagestan, Kandistan, Abyssinia, Chestan
fifteen)
rubber band
Fire extinguisher, ruler, thunderbolt, Tajakesh, Kirakash, Gajdeksh, offering
sixteen)

Letter
Oghuznameh, martyrdom, Seljuqnameh, Huphophnameh
seventeen)
devotee
Arsonists, idolaters, shysters, profiteers, patriots, tyrants, marketers, tyrants, tyrants, .
sixteen)
Acquaintance
jurist, naturalist, herpologist,…
Nineteen)
Veri
Jungol Vari, Hajoori,
twenty)
born
Bajzadeh, Prince, Peshazadeh, Khanzadeh,

برگرفته از:

Persische Ableitungsuffixe im Azerosmanischen
Andreas Tietze
Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes (59/60) pp- 154-200, 1963/1964

Therefore, not only the basic letters for sentence formation, but also many suffixes, Turkish has taken from Persian.
Now let's look at some other books:

یک)
There are about 170+ Persian words in Dede Korkud. There are two or three Turkish words in Shahnameh, which are also names and do not have any special meaning in Persian: Qarakhan, Khaqan,

واژگانی فارسی در دده قورقود:

Friday, ewer, Shbchragh, Shbklah, Shahbaz, micro, buy, sometimes grave, journalist, suddenly, Knox, PAS, Long, Sarwan, awning, Srmvz·h, server, Chuck, agility, reeling, wounded, prisoners released …

دو)

Dolatshah Samqrandi mentioned the first works of Oghuzi's Turkish poems. Hassan Oglu is from Khorasan. It is good to look at this poem:

Apardi Kunlumo Bir Khush Qamar Oz. Janfaza Delbar.
Not Dilbar!? Dilbar-i Shahid, not Shahid!? Shahid-i Sarwar
I am the first, the age of Shengul, the face of Aileh Mah Gulgul!
نه غولغول!? Golgul-y Bade, not the wind!؟ باده-یى احمر
What is the name of the world?
نه باده!? You are drunk, not drunk!? Masti-yi Saghar
شها! Shirin Souzon Qilir, always ready
نه کاسید!? Kasid-y Qayimat, not Qayimat!? The price of gratitude
You are here in the fire, it symbolizes the quality of amber.
No amber!? Amber-burning, not burning!? Suzish-i Mijmer
Azldeh Janim Ichinde. Yazildeh is the face of meaning.
No meaning!? The meaning is the face, not the face!? The form of the office
Hassanoglu Sane Gerchi, Doaachidir, Vali Sadiq.
Not honest!? Saydaq-y servant, not a servant!? Bandha-ye Chakar

It can be said that most of the words in this poem are Persian. Now look at the oldest examples of poetry we have from Rudaki or Ferdowsi.. None of them have foreign mass vocabulary, neither Turkish nor Greyhound. But this Turkish poem is full of Persian words from the very first sentence: Khush, Janfaza, Dilber, No, Sarver, Shangul, Gluggal, Badeyi, Hergar, Masti, Shaha, Shirin, Her, Zaman, Fire, Burning, Kasad, Sugar, Memjer, Duqtar, Servant, Although, But, Fog, Bi , Chakar, never. here
..

Those words that are not Farsi are more Tazi. There are some Greek ones like Amber.. Now, however, a thousand two hundred years we have never once been Persian Literature poetry Persian Turkish words is so.

سه)
A high percentage of Chamhhay famous poets Ottoman Turkish and Persian is like a breeze and pry into what is most remote from Arabic into Turkish and Arabic words to English has been the language into English means. A glance at the Turkish divans of Nasimi and Fazuli and other Turkish-speaking Ottoman poets is enough to prove this claim.

For example,:

صبحدم بلبل نیاز ایدیکجه گلدی نازه گل

راز عشقی در میان ایتدی آچیلدی تازه گل

اولدی صحن باغدا پیدا گل افشانلارینه

حاصلی دوندی چمن بزمنده آتشباز گل

اویمادی بیرگون هوای بلبل شوریده یه

میل ایدر دائم نسیم صبح ایله پروازه گل

بیریره جمع ایله-میش اوراق ناز و شیوه-یی

رشته جانندان ایتمیش بلبلون شیرازه گل

گوگلره ایرگوردی باقی غلغل عشقون سنون

سالمادین روی زمینه حسن ایله آوازه گل

در این شعر واژگان پارسی و سپس عربی بیش از واژگان ترکی اند!

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